PostgreSQL 3D City 应用

3 minute read

背景

空间应用在城市规划建设中，在发挥越来越重要的作用！

PostGIS是一个开源的PostgreSQL空间数据库插件，遵循OGC的SQL协定设计，应用广泛。

PostGIS is an open source software program that adds support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database. PostGIS follows the Simple Features for SQL specification from the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).

http://www.opengeospatial.org/

Geometry types for Points, LineStrings, Polygons, MultiPoints, MultiLineStrings, MultiPolygons and GeometryCollections.
Spatial predicates for determining the interactions of geometries using the 3x3 DE-9IM (provided by the GEOS software library).
Spatial operators for determining geospatial measurements like area, distance, length and perimeter.
Spatial operators for determining geospatial set operations, like union, difference, symmetric difference and buffers (provided by GEOS).
R-tree-over-GiST (Generalized Search Tree) spatial indexes for high speed spatial querying.
Index selectivity support, to provide high performance query plans for mixed spatial/non-spatial queries.
For raster data, PostGIS WKT Raster (now integrated into PostGIS 2.0+ and renamed PostGIS Raster)
The PostGIS implementation is based on “light-weight” geometries and indexes optimized to reduce disk and memory footprint. Using light-weight geometries helps servers increase the amount of data migrated up from physical disk storage into RAM, improving query performance substantially.
PostGIS is registered as “implements the specified standard” for “Simple Features for SQL” by the OGC.[3] PostGIS has not been certified as compliant by the OGC.

PostGIS支持的空间构造接口如下，兼容各种geometry格式的导入。

http://postgis.net/docs/manual-2.4/reference.html

8.4. Geometry Constructors  
  
ST_GeogFromText — Return a specified geography value from Well-Known Text representation or extended (WKT).  
ST_GeographyFromText — Return a specified geography value from Well-Known Text representation or extended (WKT).  
ST_GeogFromWKB — Creates a geography instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry representation (WKB) or extended Well Known Binary (EWKB).  
ST_GeomFromTWKB — Creates a geometry instance from a TWKB ("Tiny Well-Known Binary") geometry representation.  
ST_GeomCollFromText — Makes a collection Geometry from collection WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not given, it defaults to 0.  
ST_GeomFromEWKB — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Binary representation (EWKB).  
ST_GeomFromEWKT — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Text representation (EWKT).  
ST_GeometryFromText — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT). This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromText  
ST_GeomFromGeoHash — Return a geometry from a GeoHash string.  
ST_GeomFromGML — Takes as input GML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object  
ST_GeomFromGeoJSON — Takes as input a geojson representation of a geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object  
ST_GeomFromKML — Takes as input KML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object  
ST_GMLToSQL — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from GML representation. This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromGML  
ST_GeomFromText — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT).  
ST_GeomFromWKB — Creates a geometry instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry representation (WKB) and optional SRID.  

PostGIS支持的空间构造接口如下，兼容各种geometry格式的导出。

8.7. Geometry Outputs  
  
ST_AsBinary — Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID meta data.  
ST_AsEncodedPolyline — Returns an Encoded Polyline from a LineString geometry.  
ST_AsEWKB — Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.  
ST_AsEWKT — Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.  
ST_AsGeoJSON — Return the geometry as a GeoJSON element.  
ST_AsGML — Return the geometry as a GML version 2 or 3 element.  
ST_AsHEXEWKB — Returns a Geometry in HEXEWKB format (as text) using either little-endian (NDR) or big-endian (XDR) encoding.  
ST_AsKML — Return the geometry as a KML element. Several variants. Default version=2, default precision=15  
ST_AsLatLonText — Return the Degrees, Minutes, Seconds representation of the given point.  
ST_AsSVG — Returns a Geometry in SVG path data given a geometry or geography object.  
ST_AsText — Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID metadata.  
ST_AsTWKB — Returns the geometry as TWKB, aka "Tiny Well-Known Binary"  
ST_AsX3D — Returns a Geometry in X3D xml node element format: ISO-IEC-19776-1.2-X3DEncodings-XML  
ST_GeoHash — Return a GeoHash representation of the geometry.  
ST_AsGeobuf — Return a Geobuf representation of a set of rows.  
ST_AsMVTGeom — Transform a geometry into the coordinate space of a Mapbox Vector Tile.  
ST_AsMVT — Return a Mapbox Vector Tile representation of a set of rows.  

结合PostGIS与空间应用软件，可以推动城市规划建设的空间应用。

物料

一些相关物料

1、3D GIS and Application

2、3D City Database for CityGML

3、DATABASE DEVELOPMENT WITH “3D-CITYGML”AND “ENERGYADE”- SCHEMA FOR CITY-DISTRICT-SIMULATION MODELLING

4、环境监控

http://www.openforis.org/home.html

5、Collect_Earth_User_Manual

6、可视化城市

7、3D 城市数据库

8、虚拟城市 database

9、虚拟城市数据格式兼容

标准

一些标准

1、The OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) is an international not for profit organization committed to making quality open standards for the global geospatial community.

http://www.opengeospatial.org/

2、CityGML - City Geography Markup Language

http://www.citygmlwiki.org/index.php?title=Citygml_Wiki

3、CityJSON is a format for encoding a subset of the CityGML data model using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)

http://www.cityjson.org